Overclocking once meant manually pushing a processor beyond its factory settings to approach the performance of a more expensive chip. Engadget's explanation is that modern hardware has absorbed much of that work, while leaving enthusiasts less untapped speed to chase.
Boost algorithms replaced much of the manual work
Older CPUs generally operated around a base clock and a defined maximum boost. Enthusiasts could raise the frequency multiplier, test stability and repeat until they found a workable setting.
Modern processors and motherboards make that process more automatic. Engadget points to motherboard features called Multi-Core Enhancement or Enhanced Turbo, which can algorithmically push clock speeds beyond default behavior after a user enables them.
AMD's Precision Boost Overdrive takes a similar approach. PBO raises power and current limits when the processor has enough thermal headroom, allowing it to sustain higher frequencies across more cores. PBO2 adds Curve Optimizer controls in the Ryzen Master utility, where users can tune the relationship between voltage and frequency rather than setting one fixed all-core speed.
Intel does not have an exact PBO equivalent, according to Engadget, but its current CPUs also take advantage of available temperature headroom. Higher-end motherboards can support more aggressive power limits and boost behavior, so tuning has not disappeared. It has shifted toward automated controls and smaller adjustments.