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Harvard's Sham Kakade says frontier AI training compute scaled 4x to 5x annually from 2012 to 2024

The ICML analysis tracked FLOP data from GPT-4 and Gemini.

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The ICML analysis tracked FLOP data from GPT-4 and Gemini.

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It was a pleasure to speak at #icml2026. Thank you! https://twitter.com/icmlconf/status/2074661965239345615