To physically scale up the count of robots in the world, however, might take until 2030 or later. Although we do build ~100M cars per year and humanoids are much smaller than cars. Given that we also build 1B smartphones per year it seems reasonable to expect order of 100M robots/yr by 2030 if capital and algorithms move quickly. Definitely 10M/yr is achievable as we already do that for the drone market. Good software proving that humanoids are worth it at small scale can drive infinite capital, proportional to the quality of the proof.

Things that might look like hard limits today for robotics will disappear, including e.g. poor sample efficiency, relative data scarcity, expensive and or challenging hardware designs for hands and motors, fractal complexity of the physical world, and hidden unrecorded knowledge about how we do things in the world (like plumbing). World models seem useful but the particular thing doesn't matter. The research scaling laws will be ground out until utility diminishes.