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117 Comments
- ScienceDoc, on 09/17/2008, -8/+54McSame is bought and paid for - 177 lobbyists work for the McCain campaign as either aides, policy advisers, or fundraisers.
- hazzcon, on 09/17/2008, -3/+27McCain's Lobbyist Intern Outreach Program is actually kind of a halfway house for members of the fifth branch. Lobbyists are nurtured by the McCain folks until they are able to survive on their own in the wild.
- Lazerz, on 09/18/2008, -2/+22"He denounced Wall Streeters who "dreamed up investment schemes that they themselves don't even understand" and who used 'derivatives, credit default swaps, and mortgage-backed securities" to try "to make their own rules.'"
I'm not that surprised McCain is able to reach these conclusions despite not knowing how our economy even works as evidenced by his past rhetoric. But then again, some of his key economic advisors were the architects behind the slippery slope to the crash... - wwwonka, on 09/18/2008, -3/+21....never MIND the lobbyists behind the curtain! bah-ha-ha-ha!
- elliotys, on 09/18/2008, -3/+19if everyone in this country had a motherjones subscription we would be a better country.
- doublehead, on 09/18/2008, -3/+18And to make matters worse for McCain, he opened his own mouth the other day and boasted about being the Chair for the Senate Commerce Committee who oversaw all of these deregulations to begin with.
He was trying to say he had the experience needed to fix the mess, but what he was really doing was taking the responsibility FOR the mess.
Yup! McCain is experienced alright. He knows exactly what NOT to do and does it every time! - xaoiv, on 09/18/2008, -1/+16Republicans always try to obfuscate this issue by saying that, although Obama banned money from federal lobbyists, some state lobbyists have raised money for him, but they miss the point:
McCain has lobbyists running his campaign and writing his policies. Obama does not. - bjornski, on 09/18/2008, -0/+9So he was blaming Phil Gramm? One of *THE* key people who caused the whole mess in the first place? One of his key supporters for "deregulate it all!" (well, at least before this last week, when John miraculously changed to "regulate them! I've always said we should regulate them!")
And those "money grubbing" CEOs, who get huge golden parachutes for driving companies into the ground. Like Carly Fiorina?
McCain is surrounded by, and his campaign is staffed with, the very people he's claiming caused the problem.
And he thinks those same people will make things BETTER? - inactive, on 09/18/2008, -1/+9Riiight. So the Repiblicans controlled the Senate, the House, and the Executive, but it's the Democrats fault that the industry got deregulated and subsequently collapsed.
Republicans: no lie is big enough. - inactive, on 09/18/2008, -3/+11Actions speak louder than words people. He'll talk all this ***** he wants, but he's catering to them and doesn't even know it. Is he confused about life right now?
- FasterGun, on 09/18/2008, -1/+9I think they support John McCain: http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/recips.php?I ...
But dont change the subject, it makes you look dumb. - moduc, on 09/18/2008, -0/+8Three questions:
1) Are these numbers correct?
2) How many lobbyist Obama employed?
3) What is the percentage between the number of lobbyists employed and the total employed? - EvolvedAnt, on 09/18/2008, -0/+7Great, so McCain is using the public financing option for his campaign, and in turn is funding lobbyists with that money.. so in effect *we* are forced to pay lobbyists who work day and night finding ways to take more money from us...
It's like.. the most annoying thing ever.. to be a donator to Obama For America, and yet you are forced to also pay for McCains campaign of lies and special interest lobbyists. - PhilLesh69, on 09/18/2008, -3/+10A few of his campaign staff are telecom lobbyists.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008 ...
By Matt Kelley, USA TODAY
WASHINGTON — Republican presidential candidate John McCain has condemned the influence of "special interest lobbyists," yet dozens of lobbyists have political and financial ties to his presidential campaign — particularly from telecommunications companies, an industry he helps oversee in the Senate.
Of the 66 current or former lobbyists working for the Arizona senator or raising money for his presidential campaign, 23 have lobbied for telecommunications companies in the past decade, Senate lobbying disclosures show.
McCain has netted about $765,000 in political donations from those telecom lobbyists, their spouses, colleagues at their firms and their telecom clients during the past decade, a USA TODAY analysis of campaign-finance records shows.
It's unclear how much more money those lobbyists have raised for McCain. Eighteen of them are listed by the campaign as "bundlers," which are major fundraisers. McCain doesn't disclose how much each bundler has raised — unlike Democratic presidential candidates Hillary Rodham Clinton and Barack Obama, who categorize their bundlers by the amount they raise. For example, Clinton's "Hillraisers" have brought in more than $100,000 each. - juicycutlets, on 09/18/2008, -2/+9Sensationalist BS = Sarah Palin.
- mataranka, on 09/18/2008, -1/+8lobbyists are there to represent the best interests of their employers, i.e. the companies they work for and not the best intersts of the American people. If you think otherwise, may i suggest you jump off the nearest cliff as you are the Epic Fail.
- savagesteve13, on 09/18/2008, -1/+7The Gramm-Leach-Bliley act of 1999 is responsible for this mess. The voting fell along party lines in the senate with every GOP senator for it, every DEM senator against it. There was a veto-proof majority so Clinton had no choice but to sign the bill.
So much for blaming Clinton.
Phil Gramm authored the bill, McCain supported it. Ironically Leach now says that he's voting Obama in 2008. - PhilLesh69, on 09/18/2008, -1/+7McCain.
A few of his campaign staff are telecom lobbyists.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008 ...
By Matt Kelley, USA TODAY
WASHINGTON — Republican presidential candidate John McCain has condemned the influence of "special interest lobbyists," yet dozens of lobbyists have political and financial ties to his presidential campaign — particularly from telecommunications companies, an industry he helps oversee in the Senate.
Of the 66 current or former lobbyists working for the Arizona senator or raising money for his presidential campaign, 23 have lobbied for telecommunications companies in the past decade, Senate lobbying disclosures show.
McCain has netted about $765,000 in political donations from those telecom lobbyists, their spouses, colleagues at their firms and their telecom clients during the past decade, a USA TODAY analysis of campaign-finance records shows.
It's unclear how much more money those lobbyists have raised for McCain. Eighteen of them are listed by the campaign as "bundlers," which are major fundraisers. McCain doesn't disclose how much each bundler has raised — unlike Democratic presidential candidates Hillary Rodham Clinton and Barack Obama, who categorize their bundlers by the amount they raise. For example, Clinton's "Hillraisers" have brought in more than $100,000 each. - browntiger, on 09/18/2008, -0/+5Lies lies and more lies for repukes.
Lobbyists are insiders who are compensated for they effort. Most are not industry insiders, they have no clue how industry works. A lot of them are attnys they have to be familiar with lobbying process and capable of writing legal language in the particular act. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (LDA) requires all lobbyist to be registered with the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate semiannual reports of activities. My wifes organization employed some, and we got pretty familiar with the process.
>The whole rant about "lobbyist" automatically equaling "corruption" is such *****.
Ha ha ha ha. You really think that they work on behalf of the people? I have bridge in Alaska to sell you.
Very very few organizations do anything useful with received funds most get's wasted on administrative overhead, website, executive compensation, lobbyist compensation and mailings.
> So, every time that ad runs, talking about how many lobbyists McCain has, I say,
>"Good for him! We need knowledgeable people communicating with the president!"
Boy you are crackpot. Find me one industry insider who can write legal paragraph into the bill. You are either too stupid or a liar. - londubh, on 09/18/2008, -5/+10I think the liberal and progressive blogosphere is dominating Digg at the moment. Ah for the good ole days when the Ron Paul crowd dominated it. Anyway, while it lasts. Remember the name Phil Gramm. He helped create this mess. And no my name is not google. Look it up yourself.
- mithrasinvictus, on 09/18/2008, -0/+5What did you expect? Whichever third-party candidate you might prefer, this is a 2 party system and one of those parties has really ***** up for (at least) the last 8 years.
- inactive, on 09/18/2008, -1/+6"This kind of conservatism, which is not conservative at all, has produced financial mismanagement, the waste of human lives, the loss of moral authority, and the wreckage of our economy that McCain now threatens to make worse."
http://digg.com/2008_us_elections/Former_conservat ... - lopla, on 09/18/2008, -1/+6EPIC SANITY FAIL.
- sephiroth965, on 09/18/2008, -5/+10oh(sic), weird, a headline about the presidential candidates during an election year.
i'm(sic) so suprised. - applepro, on 09/18/2008, -5/+10" And the Democratic National Committee, using publicly available records, has identified 177 lobbyists working for the McCain campaign as either aides, policy advisers, or fundraisers.
Of those 177 lobbyists, according to a Mother Jones review of Senate and House records, at least 83 have in recent years lobbied for the financial industry McCain now attacks. "
McCain = Evil
Palin = Evil Stupidified - seddyei, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Every single politician has had relationships with lobbyists. There is not one you can name that has had ZERO lobbyist ties. The issue is how deep they entrench themselves in these conflicts of interest - it's very clear McCains hundreds of lobbyists he deals with on a daily basis have a much more profound effect than the 3 lobbyists everyone brings up in Obama's case.
- bjornski, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Well, what he actually did was show that he had no idea what his committee did. He can't even take responsibility for it, because his committee doesn't oversee those things, even though he thinks they do.
-------------------
But, as the Washington Post points out, the Commerce Committee doesn’t oversee “every part of our economy,” let alone “the very areas now in crisis“:
In fact, it is the Senate Banking Committee that has oversight of “banks, banking and financial institutions; control of prices of commodities, rents and services; federal monetary policy, including the Federal Reserve System; financial aid to commerce and industry and money and credit, including currency and coinage.”
According to its Web site, the Commerce Committee oversees 13 areas, beginning with the Coast Guard, and continuing through “regulation of consumer products and services … except for credit, financial services, and housing” — the very areas now in crisis.
It’s not that surprising that McCain is confused about the Commerce Committee’s economic responsibilities, considering that he freely admits, “The issue of economics is not something I’ve understood as well as I should.”
http://thinkprogress.org/2008/09/16/mccain-commerc ... - SpinningHead, on 09/18/2008, -0/+4Did anyone catch that new ad where McCain blamed "liberal Washington"? Yes, that narrow majority that cant get anything passed the past 2 years is to blame for the past decade of republican control and deregulation. He even ended the ad calling Obama and Biden "more of the same". The guy cant even come up with his own campaign rhetoric. The disconnect from reality required to vote for McCain/Palin is staggering...unless you own an oil company.
- bjornski, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5In an election year? That's unheard of!
Quit whining. Nobody is forcing you to read them. - inactive, on 09/18/2008, -0/+4McSame.
- doublefelix, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Biden is one of the few who hasn't gotten fat off these guys. Piss poor example.
- londubh, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Ha ha you are so wrong. I assume you are referring to the Gramm-Leach-and that other guy Act. Only 89 others voted for it and Biden did not. How many of those Dems are still in office? I don't know. It doesn't really matter.
I am no fan of Nancy Pelosi or Harry Reid they kept capitulating to Bush since they've taken over. I'm very disappointed in Obama's FISA vote. But you know what? I can forgive Obama for that vote despite how egregious it was.
I'm going to clue you in. This is the year to elect more Democrats and in 2010 to elect better Democrats. Just as the religious conservatives took over the Republican party, the progressives are taking over the Democratic party. It won't be easy, but it's going to happen. - savagesteve13, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Thats what the GOP wants you to believe. They tell us that voting doesn't matter, then republicans vote like clockwork in every election, city, county, state, federal.
You are a fool. - browntiger, on 09/18/2008, -1/+5Obviously there is a big difference between been attorney, of fundraising team for Obama, who works for law firm, firm that also does lobbying, and fricking advisers that are registered lobbyists for McCain.
You have to be moron not to realize that. - audomatix, on 09/18/2008, -0/+4***** JOHN MCCAIN!
- DD2CC2U, on 09/18/2008, -0/+4John McCain and AIG Connection:
Marty Feldstein is a John McCain Economics advisor.
Marty Feldstein was a leading candidate to replace outgoing Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan in 2005, but is believed to have been passed over because he was a board member of AIG, which restated five years of financial reports by $2.7 billion the same year. AIG paid a $126 million fine to the SEC and a $1.6 billion settlement to the state of New York for soliciting rigged bids for insurance contracts from insurers. (Author's note: On Monday, September 15, AIG's stock dropped another 60% amid serious financial troubles, from a high of over $70 a share to a close today of $4.73) Former chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers R. Glenn Hubbard and President Bush's top economic official Lawrence B. Lindsey, both worked as assistants for Feldstein at Harvard.
My source for the McCain/Feldstein connection was a September 2, 2008 opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal written by Feldstein and John B. Taylor, entitled John McCain Has a Tax Plan to Create Jobs which says at the end: “Messrs. Feldstein and Taylor are economic advisers to John McCain and professors of economics at, respectively, Harvard and Stanford.”
http://www.faulkingtruth.com/Articles/CommentaryTo ... - DFutureIsNow, on 09/18/2008, -0/+3McCain has almost 10% (approximately 200) of all lobbyists in Washington DC running his campaign, now that says a lot of things about McPalin but it doesnt spell CHANGE.
- SpinningHead, on 09/18/2008, -0/+3If everyone read in this country, we would be a better country.
- inactive, on 09/18/2008, -4/+7 New Agency Proposed to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0 ...
September 11, 2003 < lookie here
New Agency Proposed to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae
By STEPHEN LABATON
The Bush administration today recommended the most significant regulatory overhaul in the housing finance industry since the savings and loan crisis a decade ago.
Under the plan, disclosed at a Congressional hearing today, a new agency would be created within the Treasury Department to assume supervision of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government-sponsored companies that are the two largest players in the mortgage lending industry.
The new agency would have the authority, which now rests with Congress, to set one of the two capital-reserve requirements for the companies. It would exercise authority over any new lines of business. And it would determine whether the two are adequately managing the risks of their ballooning portfolios.
The plan is an acknowledgment by the administration that oversight of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac -- which together have issued more than $1.5 trillion in outstanding debt -- is broken. A report by outside investigators in July concluded that Freddie Mac manipulated its accounting to mislead investors, and critics have said Fannie Mae does not adequately hedge against rising interest rates.
''There is a general recognition that the supervisory system for housing-related government-sponsored enterprises neither has the tools, nor the stature, to deal effectively with the current size, complexity and importance of these enterprises,'' Treasury Secretary John W. Snow told the House Financial Services Committee in an appearance with Housing Secretary Mel Martinez, who also backed the plan.
Mr. Snow said that Congress should eliminate the power of the president to appoint directors to the companies, a sign that the administration is less concerned about the perks of patronage than it is about the potential political problems associated with any new difficulties arising at the companies.
The administration's proposal, which was endorsed in large part today by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, would not repeal the significant government subsidies granted to the two companies. And it does not alter the implicit guarantee that Washington will bail the companies out if they run into financial difficulty; that perception enables them to issue debt at significantly lower rates than their competitors. Nor would it remove the companies' exemptions from taxes and antifraud provisions of federal securities laws.
The proposal is the opening act in one of the biggest and most significant lobbying battles of the Congressional session.
After the hearing, Representative Michael G. Oxley, chairman of the Financial Services Committee, and Senator Richard Shelby, chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, announced their intention to draft legislation based on the administration's proposal. Industry executives said Congress could complete action on legislation before leaving for recess in the fall.
''The current regulator does not have the tools, or the mandate, to adequately regulate these enterprises,'' Mr. Oxley said at the hearing. ''We have seen in recent months that mismanagement and questionable accounting practices went largely unnoticed by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight,'' the independent agency that now regulates the companies.
''These irregularities, which have been going on for several years, should have been detected earlier by the regulator,'' he added.
The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, which is part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, was created by Congress in 1992 after the bailout of the savings and loan industry and concerns about regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which buy mortgages from lenders and repackage them as securities or hold them in their own portfolios.
At the time, the companies and their allies beat back efforts for tougher oversight by the Treasury Department, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Federal Reserve. Supporters of the companies said efforts to regulate the lenders tightly under those agencies might diminish their ability to finance loans for lower-income families. This year, however, the chances of passing legislation to tighten the oversight are better than in the past.
Reflecting the changing political climate, both Fannie Mae and its leading rivals applauded the administration's package. The support from Fannie Mae came after a round of discussions between it and the administration and assurances from the Treasury that it would not seek to change the company's mission.
After those assurances, Franklin D. Raines, Fannie Mae's chief executive, endorsed the shift of regulatory oversight to the Treasury Department, as well as other elements of the plan.
''We welcome the administration's approach outlined today,'' Mr. Raines said. The company opposes some smaller elements of the package, like one that eliminates the authority of the president to appoint 5 of the company's 18 board members.
Company executives said that the company preferred having the president select some directors. The company is also likely to lobby against the efforts that give regulators too much authority to approve its products.
Freddie Mac, whose accounting is under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission and a United States attorney in Virginia, issued a statement calling the administration plan a ''responsible proposal.''
The stocks of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae fell while the prices of their bonds generally rose. Shares of Freddie Mac fell $2.04, or 3.7 percent, to $53.40, while Fannie Mae was down $1.62, or 2.4 percent, to $66.74. The price of a Fannie Mae bond due in March 2013 rose to 97.337 from 96.525.Its yield fell to 4.726 percent from 4.835 percent on Tuesday.
Fannie Mae, which was previously known as the Federal National Mortgage Association, and Freddie Mac, which was the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, have been criticized by rivals for exerting too much influence over their regulators.
''The regulator has not only been outmanned, it has been outlobbied,'' said Representative Richard H. Baker, the Louisiana Republican who has proposed legislation similar to the administration proposal and who leads a subcommittee that oversees the companies. ''Being underfunded does not explain how a glowing report of Freddie's operations was released only hours before the managerial upheaval that followed. This is not world-class regulatory work.''
Significant details must still be worked out before Congress can approve a bill. Among the groups denouncing the proposal today were the National Association of Home Builders and Congressional Democrats who fear that tighter regulation of the companies could sharply reduce their commitment to financing low-income and affordable housing.
''These two entities -- Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac -- are not facing any kind of financial crisis,'' said Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts, the ranking Democrat on the Financial Services Committee. ''The more people exaggerate these problems, the more pressure there is on these companies, the less we will see in terms of affordable housing.''
Representative Melvin L. Watt, Democrat of North Carolina, agreed.
''I don't see much other than a shell game going on here, moving something from one agency to another and in the process weakening the bargaining power of poorer families and their ability to get affordable housing,'' Mr. Watt said. - kishosingh, on 09/18/2008, -0/+3This is all about going for employment and government already has announced here about unemployment : http://digg.com/world_news/About_100_000_Jobs_at_r ...
- mithrasinvictus, on 09/18/2008, -0/+3Don't paste entire articles, give us a summary or your point and a link.
- DD2CC2U, on 09/18/2008, -0/+3McCain-Gramm-Bush economic policies created this havoc. For average Americans who have been counting on their retirement money to grow, tough luck. Americans assumed - wrongly, of course - that somehow we still had basic regulations on Wall Street and that we would be protected. The GOP crowd told us that sure, it's all fine because "the market" would take care of things and we would be fine. Gambling is OK when you have millions and billions but when you have to scrimp and save every penny, you deserve much more. The Republicans all lied so their friends could have high times. Now We must pay for the GOP mistakes and their friends good times.
- mithrasinvictus, on 09/18/2008, -0/+2profile, settings, customize topics.
solved. - paintgrl, on 09/18/2008, -0/+2I like this part here, really shows who is what.
FTA:Of those 177 lobbyists, according to a Mother Jones review of Senate and House records, at least 83 have in recent years lobbied for the financial industry McCain now attacks. These are high-paid influence-peddlers who have been working the corridors of the nation's capital to win favors and special treatment for investment banks, securities firms, hedge funds, accounting outfits, and insurance companies. Their clients have included AIG, the newest symbol of corporate excess; Lehman Brothers, which filed for bankruptcy on Monday sending the stock market into a tailspin; Merrill Lynch, which was bought out by Bank of America this week; and Washington Mutual, the banking giant that could be the next to fall. Among these 83 lobbyists are McCain's chief political adviser, Charlie Black (JP Morgan, Washington Mutual Bank, Freddie Mac, Mortgage Bankers Association of America); McCain's national finance co-chairman, Wayne Berman (AIG, Blackstone, Credit Suisse, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac); the campaign's congressional liaison, John Green (Carlyle Group, Citigroup, Icahn Associates, Fannie Mae); McCain's veep vetter, Arthur Culvahouse (Fannie Mae); and McCain's transition planning chief, William Timmons Sr. (Citigroup, Freddie Mac, Vanguard Group). - browntiger, on 09/18/2008, -0/+2And who de-regulated all US financial institutions? Canceling protections put in place after Savings & Loans fiasco - oh no, how could it be republican party, not champions of rewriting history, blaming someone else for they mess.
REPUKES ARE ALL CROOKS. - kharlowe, on 09/18/2008, -0/+283?
Christ, I knew he was in bed with them, but I didn't know it was a gang bang. - cadmiumpaint, on 09/18/2008, -2/+4at least its a respected, well written source.
- bjornski, on 09/18/2008, -0/+2@psion01
You haven't heard about the "McCain points" earned by posting talking points all over?
McCain *IS* basically "paying" people to do this *****. In exchange for trinkets and kitsch. - stonecircle, on 06/11/2009, -0/+2And your sources? Proof, please.
- mithrasinvictus, on 09/18/2008, -0/+2In that case:
In computing, a hyperlink is a reference or navigation element in a document to another section of the same document or to another document that may be on or part of a (different) domain.
"An electronic link providing direct access from one distinctively marked place in a hypertext or hypermedia document to another in the same or a different document"[1]
Often abbreviated to "link". Hypertext (meaning "more than just" text) is a form of text typically published on websites that provides a richer functionality than simple text documents by enabling the reader to explore interesting links to other web pages linked to specific words or images within the page. Typically the words or image will be relevant to the linked page, for example Wikipedia home page, but badly designed or malicious sites may use obscure links or obfuscated links which make it hard to work out where the link will take you. A site that uses a lot of these obscure links is said to use "Mystery Meat navigation".
[edit] Embedded link
An embedded link is a navigation element included as part of an object such as hypertext or a hot area.
Example: The first word of this sentence: ("Example") is a navigation link embedded in a text object -- if the word is clicked, the browser will navigate to a different page.
[edit] Inline link
An inline link displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without the user selecting the link. Inline links may display specific parts of the content (e.g. thumbnail, low resolution preview, cropped sections, magnified sections, description text, etc.) and access other parts or the full content when needed, as is the case with print publishing software. This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a page layout.
[edit] Hot area
A hot area (image map in HTML) is an invisible area of the screen that covers a text label or graphical images. A technical description of a hot area is a list of coordinates relating to a specific area on a screen created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to various destinations, disable linking via negative space around irregular shapes, or enable linking via invisible areas. For example, a political map of Africa may have each irregularly shaped country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping skins or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements.
[edit] Random accessed
Random-accessed linking data are links retrieved from a data base or variable containers in a program when the retrieval function is from user interaction (e.g. dynamic menu from an address book) or non-interactive (e.g. random, calculated) process.
[edit] Hardware accessed
A hardware-accessed link is a link that activates directly via an input device (e.g. keyboard, microphone, remote control) without the need or use of a graphical user interface.
[edit] Hyperlinks in various technologies
[edit] Hyperlinks in HTML
Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any unit of information to any other unit of information over the Internet. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the World Wide Web.
Links are specified in HTML using the (anchor) elements.
[edit] XLink: Hyperlinks in XML
Main article: XLink
The W3C Recommendation called XLink describes hyperlinks that offer a far greater degree of functionality than those offered in HTML. These extended links can be multidirectional, linking from, within, and between XML documents. It also describes simple links, which are unidirectional and therefore offer no more functionality than hyperlinks in HTML.
[edit] Hyperlinks in other technologies
Hyperlinks are used in the Gopher protocol, e-mails, Text editors, PDF documents, word processing documents, spreadsheets, Apple's HyperCard and many other places.
[edit] How hyperlinks work in HTML
A link has two ends, called anchors, and a direction. The link starts at the source anchor and points to the destination anchor. A link from one domain to another is said to be outbound from its source anchor and inbound to its target.
The most common destination anchor is a URL used in the World Wide Web. This can refer to a document, e.g. a webpage, or other resource, or to a position in a webpage. The latter is achieved by means of a HTML element with a "name" or "id" attribute at that position of the HTML document. The URL of the position is the URL of the webpage with "#attribute name" appended — this is a fragment identifier.
When linking to PDF documents from an HTML page the "attribute name" can be replaced with syntax that references a page number or another element of the PDF, for example page=[pageNo] - "#page=386".
[edit] Link behavior in web browsers
A web browser usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different colour, font or style. The behaviour and style of links can be specified using the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) language.
In a graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse cursor may change into a hand motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when not cached, but underlined purple text when cached. When the user activates the link (e.g. by clicking on it with the mouse) the browser will display the target of the link. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on the file type and on the browser and its plugins, another program may be activated to open the file.
The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link:
* link destination ("href" pointing to a URL)
* link label
* link title
* link target
* link class or link id
It uses the HTML element "a" with the attribute "href" (HREF is an abbreviation for "Hypertext REFerence"[2]) and optionally also the attributes "title", "target", and "class" or "id":
link label
Example: To embed a link into a Page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form:
Wikipedia
Thus, the complex link string is reduced to, [Wikipedia]. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document.
When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and/or graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown:
* It pops up, not in a regular window, but in a special hover box, which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back). Mozilla Firefox, IE, Opera, and many other web browsers all shows the URL.
* In addition, the URL is commonly shown in the status bar.
Normally, a link will open in the current frame or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add a special "target" attribute to specify where the link will be loaded. Windows can be named upon creation, and that identifier can be used to refer to it later in the browsing session. If no current window exists with that name, a new window will be created using the ID.
Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. In order to prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and will always cause a new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing a single site.
Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window.
[edit] History of the hyperlink
The term "hyperlink" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by Ted Nelson at the start of Project Xanadu. Nelson had been inspired by "As We May Think," a popular essay by Vannevar Bush. In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine (the Memex) in which one could link any two pages of information into a "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel. The closest contemporary analogy would be to build a list of bookmarks to topically related Web pages and then allow the user to scroll forward and backward through the list.
In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to a theoretical worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by Douglas Engelbart (with Jeff Rulifson as chief programmer) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within a single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968). See NLS.
[edit] Legal issues
See also: Deep linking
While hyperlinking among pages of Internet content has long been considered an intrinsic feature of the Internet, some websites have claimed that linking to them is not allowed without permission.
In certain jurisdictions it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely references or citations, but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands, for example, Karin Spaink was initially convicted of copyright infringement for linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. The courts that advocate it see the mere publication of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material is illegal. In 2004, Josephine Ho was acquitted of 'hyperlinks that corrupt traditional values'. [3]
In 2000, British Telecom sued Prodigy claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent (U.S. Patent 4,873,662 ) on web hyperlinks. After litigation, a court found for Prodigy, ruling that British Telecom's patent did not cover web hyperlinks. [4]
When linking to illegal or infringing copyrighted content the law of linking liability is currently considered a grey area. There are examples where sites have been proven liable such as Plaintiff Intellectual Reserve vs Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, and Comcast vs. Hightech Electronics Inc [5], and there are examples where sites have not been proven liable for linking, for example Perfect 10 v. Google Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink -
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